RIA Reaching Others With Energy Drink Research

Expert Advice from RIA Researchers

ATHLETES: Energy drinks before or during games or practices? Probably not
a good idea. Though often confused, energy drinks are not sports drinks. Where Gatorade or Powerade are designed to provide hydration and replace electrolytes, caffeine actually contributes to dehydration. Adults and especially children may experience headaches, heart palpitations, hypertension, or blackouts
if they combine energy drinks with heavy exercise.

CAFFEINATED COCKTAILS: Combining alcohol (a depressant) with caffeine
(a stimulant) may make drinkers look, sound, and feel less drunk than they actually are. Underestimating one’s own intoxication puts you at greater risk for drunk driving, alcohol poisoning, and even sexual victimization. Mixing caffeine and alcohol may also lead to heavier drinking than alcohol alone for three reasons:

(1) caffeine postpones the sleepiness associated with intoxication, so you can drink longer; (2) energy drink flavors mask the taste of alcohol, so drinks taste better; and (3) caffeine has a “priming” effect on alcohol—that is, it strengthens cravings for another drink.

CAFFEINE: Many consumers of energy drinks and other caffeinated beverages forget that caffeine is a psychoactive stimulant drug, and like other drugs, it is highly addictive. Just like alcohol, if you’re going to drink energy drinks, do it responsibly! Unlike soft drinks, there are no official limits on how much caffeine an energy drink may contain. Read the label, and if it doesn’t specify the exact caffeine content (many don’t), go on-line and find out. Knowledge is power.

MYSTERY INGREDIENTS: Energy drinks typically contain a brand-specific proprietary blend of plant and herbal extracts. Most of these ingredients (such as gingko biloba or ginseng) are probably harmless. Others may not be.Energy drinks are highly caffeinated beverages designed to provide a short- term energy boost.These drinks typically contain as much caffeine as a cup of coffee and three times as much as a standard soft drink, with some brands containing much higher doses. Energy drinks also contain sweeteners, amino acids such as taurine or l-carnitine, massive doses of B vitamins, and plant or herbal extracts such as gingko biloba, ginseng, or milk thistle. The potential interactions among these ingredients are not well understood.

With sales expected to approach $20 billion a year by 2013 in the U.S. alone, energy drinks such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar have become staples of the adolescent and young adult market. Although provocatively named brands such as Full Throttle, Daredevil, Havoc, Rage, Bawls, Who’s Your Daddy, Whoop Ass, and Extreme Ripped Force are designed to appeal to a target demographic of 18-25 year olds, they are nearly as common among high school students.

Excessive energy drink use is associated with several potential health risks. Overuse can lead to symptoms ranging from mild (headaches, jitteriness, anxiety) to severe (insomnia, heart palpitations, seizures). Poison control centers and emergency rooms have documented a rapidly growing number of cases of caffeine intoxication involving energy drink use, particularly when coupled with alcohol or other substance use. After several highly publicized cases in 2010, the FDA no longer permits ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages such as Four Loko, Joose, or Maxx to contain caffeine. However, caffeinated mixed drinks such as Red Bull, vodka or Jagerbombs remain extremely popular.

Timely Research

Highlights of RIA research findings in this area included:

Risk-taking and energy drink use in college students. Undergraduate students who used energy drinks frequently were three times as likely to smoke cigarettes, abuse prescription drugs, or be in a serious physical fight as infrequent users or nonusers. Frequent energy drink consumers also reported drinking alcohol, having alcohol-related problems, and using marijuana about twice as often as less frequent consumers. Other risk behaviors associated with frequent energy drink use included unsafe sex, not using a seatbelt, participating in extreme sports, and doing something dangerous on a dare.
Demographic differences. Men were significantly more likely to consume energy drinks than women (46% vs. 31%). Whites were also significantly more likely to consume them than African Americans (40% vs. 25%).

Energy drinks and alcohol. Two thirds of college student energy drink users also used energy drinks as mixers with alcoholic beverages.

Substance use and energy drink use in musicians. In a RIA study of amateur and professional musicians between the ages of 18 and 45, energy drink users were more likely than nonusers to report misuse of legal substances, including binge drinking (76% vs. 59%), alcohol-related problems (78% vs. 69%), and misuse of prescription drugs (31% vs. 13%). Energy drink users were also significantly younger on average (25.7 years vs. 30.4 years) and scored higher on personality measures of sensation-seeking, an attraction to novel and varied experiences.

For example, the bitter orange found in some brands is closely related to ephedra, a compound banned by the FDA in 2004 due to a number of consumer deaths. Because energy drinks are classified as dietary supplements, their content is not subject to direct regulation or oversight by the FDA. It’s up to the user to investigate the label. Buyer beware-- Know what you’re drinking!

PARENT ALERT: Because they are smaller and their brains are less developed, children are even more sensitive to the health effects of caffeine use than adults are. Kids are at greater risk for caffeine intoxication and their consumption habits should be subject to adult supervision. There is also evidence to suggest that heavy energy drink users are at higher risk for other problem behaviors, such as smoking, drug use, binge drinking, unsafe sex, or fighting. Energy drink use is less of a “gateway drug” than a potential red-flag warning sign for other health-compromising activities.

Excessive energy drink use is associated with several potential health risks. Overuse can lead to symptoms ranging from mild (headaches, jitteriness, anxiety) to severe (insomnia, heart palpitations, seizures). Poison control centers and emergency rooms have documented a rapidly growing number of cases of caffeine intoxication involving energy drink use, particularly when coupled with alcohol or other substance use. After several highly publicized cases in 2010, the FDA no longer permits ready-to-drink alcoholic beverages such as Four Loko, Joose, or Maxx to contain caffeine. However, caffeinated mixed drinks such as Red Bull & vodka or Jagerbombs remain extremely popular.

RIA Reaching Others with Research on Drinking and Drugs in the Workplace/Workforce

A seminal study at UB’s Research Institute on Addictions (RIA) reported that during the course of the year “15% of the U.S. workforce has used or been under the influence of alcohol at work.” This prevalence study of workforce-workplace substance use included data obtained from interviews with 2,800 employed adults, ages 18-65, who resided in the contiguous U.S. and District of Columbia between 2002-03.

Substance use in the workplace occurs:

• Just before coming to work 
• On lunch hours and other breaks 
• Due to intoxication at work or hangover from the night before 

Since that study, additional important research results about substance use on the job have been released by RIA. 

Timely Research

Highlights of research findings in this area included:

• 8.9 million workers drank alcohol at least once during the workday. Most workers who drink during the workday do so during lunch breaks, though some drink while working or during other breaks. 
• 2.3 million workers have consumed alcohol at least once before going into work. 
• Approximately 63% of the workforce reported that they could easily bring alcohol into work, use alcohol while working, use alcohol during lunch and other breaks, or obtain alcohol at work. Similarly, 59% of the workforce reported that they could easily engage in the same behaviors regarding illicit drugs.  
• Men’s alcohol use and impairment at work was more prevalent than women’s. Younger employees worked under the influence of alcohol or with a hangover more than older workers, and unmarried workers more than married workers. 

Occupations showing the highest rates of workplace alcohol use and impairment were: management, sales, arts/entertainment/sports/ media, food preparation and serving, building and grounds maintenance.

Illicit drug use in the workforce involved an estimated 14% or 17.7 million workers; illicit drug use in the workplace involved an estimated 3% or 3.9 million employed adults.

A permissive workplace substance use climate impacts perceptions of workplace safety, work strain, and employee morale among employees who do not use substances at work.

What it Means to Main St.

Since 1994, multi-year awards funding this area of research have added to the local economy by the creation of jobs, paychecks spent in housing, retail, school and entertainment, as well as in the growth of suburban and rural communities in the region. RIA’s 160 staff members reside in and contribute to 18 different local municipalities as taxpayers, consumers, parents, students, volunteers and much, much more. Three prominent NIH-funded studies in this research area include:

1994 - 2000 $560,000

Work, Alcohol and School Performance Among Adolescents

2000 - 2004 $1.4 million

Workplace Substance Use: A National Prevalence Study

2007 - 2012 $2.2 million

Work Stress And Alcohol Use:
A National Study of Unresolved & Unexplored Issues

13% reported exposure to a co-worker who used or was impaired by an illicit drug during the workday; 23% of the workforce reported exposure to a co-worker who used or was impaired by alcohol during the workday. Exposure to a permissive workplace substance use climate differed by gender, age, occupation and work shift.
Illicit drug use is not distributed equally across employers. Among young

men in high-risk occupations, 56% report overall illicit drug use and 28%
report workplace illicit drug use. Likewise, among young women in high-
risk occupations, 43% report overall illicit drug use and 11% report workplace illicit drug use.